A Geographical Assessment of Spatial Distribution, Multifunctional Values and Conservation Challenges: Natural Lakes of Uttarakhand

Abstract Natural lakes constitute important components of the Himalayan environment and provide ecological, cultural, religious, tourism and economic benefits. This paper presents a geographical assessment of the natural lakes of Uttarakhand, locally identified mainly as Tal and Kund. The study examines their spatial distribution, geographical setting, religious significance, tourism potential, drinking-water and irrigation functions, fisheries, wildlife habitat and livelihood benefits. It also assesses their present condition, with particular attention to accessibility, inadequate management, waste accumulation, sediment deposition and seasonal decline in water levels. Based on an inventory of 46 known perennial water-bearing natural lakes, comprising 33 Tals and 13 Kunds, the study highlights the uneven geographical distribution and multifunctional value of these water bodies. The findings indicate that natural lakes represent an important natural-resource base for Uttarakhand and have considerable potential to contribute to tourism, pilgrimage tourism, state revenue and local employment. At the same time, their long-term sustainability depends on integrated conservation, planned development, regular monitoring and meaningful participation of government agencies, non-governmental organisations and local communities.